法国现代翻译理论家：艾蒂安•多雷

2012年12月22号，据译雅馨翻译公司了解到，在西方翻译理论史上,第一个系统地阐述翻译理论的人文主义者当数法国的《圣经》翻 译家艾蒂安•多雷（Etiene Dolet, 1509—1546)。他出生于法国的奥尔良，早年在巴黎求 学，后旅居意大利，21岁时返回法国,他是文艺复兴以来第一位因翻译而献身的人。长期以来，在教会的统治下，《圣经》翻译一直以直译为主，任何背离经典的阐释和翻译，都被视为异 端邪说，翻译者也会招来杀身之祸。1564年索邦大学神学院认定，多雷在翻译柏拉图的对 话录《阿克西奥丘斯》(Axiochus)时，增加了“一切皆无”几个词（Whereas you will no longer be anything at all)，否定了灵魂不灭的“真理”，被活活烧死在火刑柱上。（Robinson, 2006： 95)

多雷提出的翻译五原则，并非自家独创,但是影响很大。或许是由于他的献身精神,使 得他的翻译五原则被西方译界所珍视。这一原则出自于《论优秀翻译的方法》（TTie Way of Translating Well from One Language into Another) 0 原文节选如下：

To translate well from one language into another requires in the main five

things,

(1) In the first place, the translator must understand perfectly the sense and matter of the author he is translating, for having this understanding he will never be obscure in his translations, and if the author he is translating is difficult in any way he will be able to render him easy and entirely understandable.

(2) The second thing that is required in translation is that the translator have pcrfcct knowledge of the language of the author he is translating, and be likewise excellent in the language into which he is going to translate.

(3) The third point is that in translating one must not be servile to the point of rendering word for word.

(3) The third point is that in translating one must not be servile to the point of rendering word for word.

(4) The fourth rule, which I shall give at this place, is more to be observed in languages not reduced to an art than in others …，you should avoid adopting words too close to Latin and little used in the past, but be content with the common tongue without introducing any new terms foolishly or out of reprehensible curiousness.

(5) That is to say，a joining and arranging of terms with such sweetness that not alone the soul is pleased，but also the ear is delighted and never hurt by such harmony of language. (Robinson, 2006：95~96)

以上五项大意如下：

(1)译者必须完全理解所译作品的内容和意义；

(2)译者必须通晓原文语言和译入语语言；

(3)译者必须避免亦步亦趋，逐字翻译；

(4)译者应该避免刻板的拉丁化味太浓的语言，采用通俗的语言形式；

(5)译者应该调整次序，重构语序，使译文不仅意美，而且音美。

多雷的第一项原则强调的是译文应该忠实于原作，第二条原则是对译者提出的语言要 求,第三条原则表明多雷不主张直译，在他看来,逐字翻译是译者黔驴技穷，缺乏丰富词汇的 表现，第四条原则表明多雷与大多人文主义者一样，强调使用民族语言和习惯用法，强调为 一般读者服务。最后一项原则要求必须通过各种修辞手段保证译文在风格上与原文保持一 致。与泰特勒的翻译三原则相比，多雷更强调目的语读者，而泰特勒则强调原文与译文如何保持一致。多雷的翻译理论造诣很高，只有罗马时代的西塞罗和同时代的马丁 •路德才能 与他媲美。

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